Essay on The Dirty Renaissance - 1598 Words

The Dirty Renaissance The Renaissance period is one in the art world that is held just short of the second coming. This â€Å"reawakening† is characterized by a renewed interest in human-centered classical art, literature, and learning. Many famous artists and thus pieces of artwork came out of this period, which are still studied by students of art and by professional artists. Famous pieces suck as the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper and the Sistine Chapel were created in this period of art. It is easy to study these pieces of artwork by simply reading about them in textbooks, or looking at pictures of them on the internet. However, what has happened to the actual original pieces of artwork that the artists created? It would seem that†¦show more content†¦Soon after the creation of the piece, it was considered ruined and so damaged that the figures in the piece could not actually be recognized anymore. The first attempt to restore The Last Supper came in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti. B ellotti filled in missing sections of the piece with oil paint and varnished the entire piece. This attempt, not being successful, was followed by many more attempts. In 1821 Stefano Barezzi, an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact, was called in to remove the painting to a safer location. Barezzi did not know that the painting was not actually a fresco and badly damaged the center section of the piece. He attempted to reattach the damaged sections with glue, but was not successful. After this event, a lot of examining and studying was done on the paintings’ structure so that in future attempts the painting would not be damaged. Many more artists attempted to clean the piece, although they were not successful. During World War II the piece was further damaged as a bomb struck the refectory and the piece was damaged by the vibrations. The final restoration attempt came in the year 1978 by Pinin Brambilla Barcilon. He embarked on a major restoration project in which he tried to alleviate Da Vincis painting, and reverse the damage caused by dirt, pollution, and the ill-advised 18th restoration attempts that preceded his project. It was not practical to actually move the painting to a more controlledShow MoreRelatedWilliam Manchester And The Medieval Mind1254 Words   |  6 Pagesperfect opportunity for the Renaissance to start and fill that much needed void of education and knowledge that had been practically empty for so many centuries. It is unknown when the Renaissance exactly started but it was sometime in the early 13th century with the rediscovery of Aristotle’s teachings and methods of teaching. The Renaissance brought many artists and writers into the picture such as: Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo Da Vinci. It was the Renaissance, the feeling of an awakeningRead More Exploring Soc ial Patterns in the Renaissance Through Fashion1125 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Social Patterns in the Renaissance Through Fashion Fashion reflects the attitudes of a society more than any other art form. Like art, fashion is a material record of the ideals that swayed the nations at the time of their creation. Through examining the styles, and tastes of a particular era, we can realize where the interests and priorities of a time lie. As Frank Parsons wrote in his 1920 study, The Psychology of Dress, There is surly no better field in which to trace the deviousRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe Renaissance The Renaissance period was between 1400-1600 century. It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance time is were self paintings mostly came from. In most of the painting the people were nude. They started making the painting 3D. There are many things about the Renaissance. Renaissance means born a new. The concept enshrined in the world of Renaissance is actually one of rebirth. It was considered the beginning of modern history. The High Renaissance was fromRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Renaissance Sides 1 The Renaissance period was between 1400-1600 century. It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance time is were self paintings mostly came from. In most of the painting the people were nude. They started making the painting 3D. There are many things about the Renaissance. Renaissance means born a new. The concept enshrined in the world of Renaissance is actually one of rebirth. It was considered the beginning of modern history. The High RenaissanceRead MoreEssay on The Black Death1392 Words   |  6 Pagestake advantage of everything that is useful. Man is now at the center of the Universe and all men should seek for an ideal life. We call this rebirth era the Renaissance. Could something so morbid give way to something as beautiful as the Renaissance? Perhaps we owe a substantial portion of the Renaissance to the Black Death. The Renaissance is everything the Black Death wasn’t, as its survivors felt compelled to thrive in a world that was obviously limited. I will attempt to explain its severityRead MoreEssay on A Feminist Perspective of William Shakespeare1506 Words   |  7 PagesA Feminist Perspective of Shakespeare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although William Shakespeare reflects and at times supports the English Renaissance stereotypes of women and men and their various roles and responsibilities in society, he is also a writer who questions, challenges, and modifies those representations. His stories afford opportunities not only to understand Renaissance culture better but also to confront our own contemporary generalizations about gender, especially what it means to be female. In hisRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance and Slave Narratives1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance began around the 1920’s and was the hub of African American artistic endeavors, with less discrimination, more freedom, and amazing strides in politics and economics which was very different from how the slaves lived and hoped, but there still were similarities like a will for a better life, and hope for the future which both embraced even though they were in a dreadful position. Of course there also are differences , in this case that Harlem writers and artist were more educatedRead MoreReformation Dbq763 Words   |  4 Pageslie out in the open for all to see. He told the people of the corruption within the Vatican, and how they shouldn’t have to pay indulgences. Secularism spread throughout the lands, people began turning on the church. This all went on while the Renaissance was still affecting the European nations. The Roman church fell into a great deal of corruption, under Pope Leo X who began spending more money than the church had in its treasury. The German people had grievances, brought before theRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Of The 1920s1557 Words   |  7 Pagesuntil the evil intentions of slavery crossed mankind’s thoughts that hue became our downfall, our separator. White supremacy eroded the idea of equality, and darker hues began to symbolize worthlessness, inferiority, and ugliness. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s evoked the idea of black consciousness and pride. It was a movement established to express black literature, art, music, and culture. Blacks began to wear their dark hue like a badge of honor. Art, literature, and music became the centerpiecesRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : A Period Of Ethnic Rebirth1664 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a period of ethnic rebirth in the streets of Harlem, New York that changed the way people viewed black culture and their art. During the Great Migration, hundreds of African Americans packed their bags and moved north in search of a better life. There, they were given the chance to express themselves through their music and literature. New artists, musicians, and writers emerged from the city. Musicians like Duke Ellington and Billie Holiday performed in clubs, showcasing

Essay on Health Care and Tort Reform - 1583 Words

Rising health care costs have caused a national crisis, and all agree we must embrace reform. President Obama has initiated his national health care plan in the hopes of decreasing some of the inflated costs. When attempting to resolve this issue, one must always address the root of the problem. A large portion of these inflationary costs stem from malpractice lawsuits, and so begins the debate for tort reform: legislation which would cut the costs of health care by reducing the risk of civil litigation and exposure to fraudulent claims (â€Å"What†). However, the real factor at hand and the real cause of the industry’s high costs does not come solely from the cost incurred from these lawsuits, but from over-expenditures on the part of†¦show more content†¦The two most popular seem to be the capping of damages – limiting the rewards a victim of medical malpractice receives – and the limitation of a patient’s right to jury (Odom, â€Å"Hea lth†). A number of other proposed actions exist, including procedural limitation on the ability to file claims and the idea called â€Å"loser pays† – forcing the loser of the case to pay for the other party’s costs in the trial. The practice of capping damages would reduce risk for doctors, as a lawsuit would no longer bankrupt them. Thus, they would not be forced to over-test and overspend. It would also create less incentive for patients to pursue claims they knew were undeserved (Odom). Many proponents of tort reform also advocate limiting patients’ rights to a trial by jury – specially designed â€Å"health courts† would preside over the cases instead (â€Å"Health†). Because of the trial by jury, as currently practiced in these cases, very often the actual reprimands and awards are subject to chance and the â€Å"sympathy vote† instead of facts. The same injury could grant a patient anywhere from $100,000 to $2 mil lion (â€Å"Health†). The design of health courts would eliminate this subjectivity, and redress would be awarded in reasonable, consistent amounts. The two other actions mentioned, procedural limitations on the ability to file claims and the â€Å"loser pays† idea, would work by decreasing the incentive of a patient to file an unreasonable claim. ItShow MoreRelatedDefensive Medicine1354 Words   |  6 PagesIs It Costing Our Heath Care? Teresa Botts Baptist College of Health Sciences 1. Abstract Our Nation is currently engaged in a debate about the future of health care in America. Health care reform has several platforms to be addressed in order for it to be successfully implemented. Tort reform, being one of those platforms, is proposed as one solution to the rapidly increasing health care cost in the United States. Careful reform of medical malpracticeRead MoreTort Reform1420 Words   |  6 PagesStates justice system, a tort is best defined as an injury or loss that was committed deliberately or negligently by a single person or an entity (Crane). The history of tort law can be traced back to the initial trespass of property or person, but it was not until the 18th century that the distinction between intentional and unintentional acts was made (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). In recent years, tort law has become the center of scrutiny through the increase in tort costs, insurance liabilityRead MoreNoneconomic Damages Reform Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Noneconomic Damages Reform There has been over three decades of debate over a reform that affects everything from insurance and health care premiums to the prices of goods and services. The Tort law gives civilians the right to put liability on a company and sue for a multitude of different things if something goes wrong. A main issue of the tort reform is noneconomic damages. Noneconomic damages are awards granted for â€Å"pain and suffering.† A solution to this ongoing problem is to set a cap,Read MoreMedical Malpractice And Tort Reform1533 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Malpractice and Tort Reform Within the realm of American tort law, medical malpractice is equated to professional negligence and is a highly debated issue. â€Å"The government estimates that between 44,000 and 98,000 people die each year in hospitals due to medical mistakes, the vast majority of them preventable† (Lau Johnson, 2011). In differentiating this type of tort from standard negligence claims, similarities and differences are illustrated through the elements of a cause of action andRead MoreReform Malpractice Laws to Create True Healthcare Reform Introduction1610 Words   |  7 Pagesof healthcare reform and how it is important to control costs to the patient through lower health insurance premiums and limits on how much a hospital should charge for services. What is not heard is how it is important to control the costs doctors face through malpractice insurance premiums and the costs associated with being sued by a patient after a less-than-full recovery. Defensive medicine has a negative impact on the overall cost of healthcare delivery and changes in tort laws placing limitsRead MoreTort Reform in the Us1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe Need for Tort Reform in the United States Tort law is a type of law that is designed to offer remedies to civil wrongs. 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ThereRead MoreMedical Malpractice and Tort Systems Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care organizations, particularly hospitals, currently face numerous legal issues, several of which will be examined in this paper. The first issue to be examined is medical malpractice and the tort system. The medical malpractice and tort system makes up one of the major legal issues encountered by hospitals and health systems. Showalter (2012) states that with the decline of charitable immunity in the 1970s, healthcare was one of the areas impacted by personal injury law and was held liableRead MoreA Brief Note On Torts And Consumer Protection1322 Words   |  6 PagesTorts and Consumer Protection We have all heard about different malpractice cases whether on line, in the news or personal experiences. Throughout the years, many medical procedures have been changed due to new technology and doctors have been tasked with learning new procedures; and following these procedures that are set forth based on the equipment. Unfortunately for some doctors, patients have been killed, limbs removed in error amongst other medical conditions that are irreversible becauseRead MoreCja 520 Federal Torts Act 19461622 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Tort Acts of 1946 Jenna Smith CJA 520 Professor Mark Holley July 30, 2011 Introduction In the United States today if you as an officer put either you or your department in a liability, for any type of act that is not warranted and handled in a professional manner you are opening yourself for a number of different actions which could hurt both you, your department as well as causing you to loss everything that you own, just because you decided to not following proper protocals which

International Management Free Essays

string(114) " the legal structure of a LLC, 320 Below intends to separate its legal entity from their owners and shareholders\." The purpose of this report Is to present 320 Below Pet Ltd a business proposal to venture Into Bangkok, Thailand. A series of relevant questions pertaining to the Ice- cream parlous business and its future expansion into foreign markets are proposed here to identify business opportunities and risks. The FB industry in Singapore and the company’s structure has been studied in depth to gain a better understanding of the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on International Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 320 Below is a Singapore based company that sells fresh ice cream, sorbet and frozen yogurt. The enterprise’s legal structure, its history, mission, vision, alls, objectives and the ownership structure are further analyzed. The products and services offerings of 320 Below are highlighted and supported with the customer profile and demand analysis by the usage of Porter’s Five Forces analysis. Moving forward, the environmental factors on the host country business climate are carefully examined. Based on the findings, the unique usage of liquid nitrogen in making the Ice cream is favored at large. Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of 320 Below will be evaluated In depth by using the SOOT analysis. A comprehensive business strategy Is finalized and proposed comprising of mode of entry and identifying the Hypotheses national cultural dimensions as it ensures that the different strategies will be carefully studied. Vital components of the fps strategies, which constitutes of pricing strategy, distribution and logistics, promotion and advertising and production and service strategies are also discussed. This will be followed with financial reports and the planning of cost analysis, the projected profit and loss statement expected to derive. The management considerations Including personnel, business advisers and contingency plans to be undertaken have been determined. Finally, recommendation will be presented to 320 Below based on the chances of success rate, which will influence its decision making to venture into foreign markets like Bangkok. 2. Introduction Being the first mover entrant, 320 Below Private Limited (Pet Ltd) first launched the unprecedented concept of freezing ice-cream using liquid nitrogen In Singapore. This unique Innovation has speed up the Ice-cream making process, thus enabling 320 Below to experiment with a wide variety of ice-cream flavors in the shortest time compared to traditional ice-cream making at large. The founder and Managing Director of 320 Below, Miss Lillian Nag is currently heading its business operations and business strategy for the gourmet ice-cream parlous. With the support of Miss Nag, our team kept in touch with her through numerous email correspondence to collect valuable information about 320 Below. This has provided our team with vital and useful findings which has facilitated us In preparing this business proposal. These justifications has indeed given us many insights in the ice-cream parlous business and helped us to draft out the necessary marketing tools that has helped to advertise the company. 3. Industry Business Description restaurants, fast food outlets, food caterers and others segment. In the â€Å"Others† segment, it generally refers to the different types of F establishments ranging from cafes, bars, food courts, pubs to coffee house. In 2012, Singapore F industry has substantially increased and generated approximately SAG 1 1. 98 billions in revenues, which is equivalent to 3. 5% of the country gross domestic product (GAP). According to Singapore Department of Statistics (2013), the year of 2012 has witnessed an increase of 3. 2% of new F establishment opening in Singapore. The total number of F establishment has significantly increase from 6,464 to 6,668 and is a good sign that the industry is expanding. With a population of over 5. Million, Singapore is ranked one of the highest food consumption country in Southeast Asia. In Singapore, eating is considered a national pastime, where people are willing to queue up for half an hour to over an hour for their favorite food. The majority of Singapore population’s love for good food and their willingness to food hunt around the island display their passion and attitude towards eating. Within the social circles, it is viewed as an status leveler or status builde r if you can recommend a particular place that serves great food to your friends or families. Being able to do immediately brings up your personal reputation (Wang 2006). The increasing affluent middle class and the rise in their disposable income has also fuelled the growth of the FB industry. This group of affluent Singapore who are well-traveled are often attracted by what they see and experience during their holiday trips. Therefore, when these FB establishments opened in Singapore, they would gladly patronize them. This has definitely spurred the demands of overseas food and produce (Rehearing’s 2013). In addition, growing tourism activities in Singapore from overseas visitors have also supported the growth of these F establishments. The future of the F industry in Singapore looks promising and is projected to growth in healthy levels due to its per capita consumption growth. 4. Company Description 4. 1 Type of Business Founded in October 2012, 320 Below Pet Ltd is a Singapore-based ice cream parlor that specializes in making fresh premium ice-cream, sorbet and frozen yoghurt purely from using natural ingredients. The company falls into the category of lifestyle cafes in Singapore F industry. 20 Below prides itself in delivering a unique ice- cream eating experience for customers to mingle and hang out with their friends and families. 320 Below is the early pioneer in Singapore to launch the concept of freezing ice cream by using liquid nitrogen. This unique and innovative ice-cream making process has revolutionized how ice cream is traditionally prepared and consumed. This interes ting concept has also introduced an unique cafe experience, where customers can walk-in to choose from a wide variety of specially created ice- ream flavors that are freshly churned out on the spot from the mixing bowl. 20 Below Pet Ltd started its ice cream parlor business as a Limited Liability company (LLC), which is commonly known as Private Limited company. The company is registered under Singapore laws and tax regulations. Under the legal structure of a LLC, 320 Below intends to separate its legal entity from their owners and shareholders. You read "International Management" in category "Papers" By doing so, their business obligations only strictly remain within the legal entity itself and shareholders are excluded from any legal liability in their personal capacity. 20 Below also enjoy various legal and tax benefits as a LLC. For example, 320 Below is exempted from paying taxes during the first three years of incorporation for the first SAG $100,000 profits that they make every year. The corporate tax rate in Singapore is very attractive, which stood at below 9% for profits up to SAG $300,000 and capped at 17% for profits exceeding SAG $300,000. In addition, Singapore single-tier tax policy implemented across all corporation means that 320 Below will only be taxed once at corporate level. In the event of any dividends payout to their shareholders, they will not be tax again. 0 Below also benefited from the ease of raising capital for new venture or business expansion in the future. As a LLC, 320 Below will find it easier to get business financing from financial institutes, such as banks, and also raising capital through adding equity partners or investors. 4. 3 320 Below History, Mission, Goals Objectives The brand name â€Å"320 Below’ came about when the founder Allan Nag discovered that liquid nitrogen actually boils at minus 320 degree Fahrenheit (OF) and she decided to name after it. Lillian Nag, the founder and managing director of 320 Below has a passion and loves creating quality ice-cream. She believes in making ice cream that are low in sugar and do not contain artificial emulsifier, stabilizer and preservative. During the early beginnings, Miss Nag experimented in creating numerous unique tasty ice-cream flavors from her home. Over a period of time, she had created and perfected numerous ice-cream recipes that have received good reviews from friends and family members. The idea of freezing ice-cream came about one day when she was doing online researches about ice cream making and found out about using liquid nitrogen to produces fresh creamy ice-cream, without paving icy crystals that can affects the taste pleasure. After mastering the ice-cream making process, Miss Nag decided to venture in the ice cream parlor business. 320 Bellows vision is to become the first-mover in new creation and innovation to ensure their products are always fresh, smooth, tasty and clean. Their mission is to ensure that their ice cream, sorbet and frozen yogurt are of the highest quality, smooth and tasty. 320 Below also endeavor to deliver exceptional customer service to their customers in a clean, fun and relaxing environment to hang out. 4. Ownership Structure 20 Below currently have two outlets in Singapore, which is the Mackenzie Road main shop located near the city area and the Tympanis One branch, a neighborhood area in the eastern part of Singapore. The ownership structure of 320 Below consists of 3 Below employs a manager who takes charge of the daily operations in the Tympanis One branch and Miss Nag is in charge of the Mackenzie Road main shop. The manager at Tympanis One reports directly to Miss Nag pertai ning any operations issues. At any time, each outlet hire at least two temporary staffs to service customers at the ice cream parlous. Miss Nag is also in charge of the marketing and production aspects of 320 Below. Her manager handles the financial accounting and human resources for both the outlets. 5. Product/ Service Factors 5. 1 Product/ Service Analysis 320 Below is the unprecedented ice cream shop that uses liquid nitrogen for their ice cream making process. As such, they have an advantage of offering new and interesting products to their customers in the FB industry. They are not Just ice cream sellers but they also offer a wide range of products like frozen yoghurt and sorbets that are freshly made on the spot after customers have placed their orders. This kind of service are very rare in the Singapore market as traditionally ice cream are made in advanced and stored for later consumption in ice cream parlors or they can be conveniently bought in all supermarkets or convenience stores. 320 Bellows flagship main store at Mackenzie Road offers a unique experience of enjoying ice cream, which not other places in Singapore offers. The location of their ice cream parlor are conveniently located near city area and offer ample parking space for individuals or families who wish to patronize them. Next their shop is nicely decorated with a colorful theme that attracts passer by and want to come in. Students and teenagers are also attracted to 320 Below shop because they enjoy hanging out with their friends due to its cozy and comfortable environment it gives to their customers. 5. 2 Customer Profile/ Demand Analysis Thailand is a country with a hot climate for most parts of the year. It is common for people to seek out cooling food items to manage the heat and ice cream happens to be one of the highly sought after food items consumed. In Bangkok, the weather records a hotter temperature being an urban area with less greenery to cool the surroundings compared to other parts of Thailand. Therefore, the demand tends to be higher compared to other parts of Thailand. Other ice cream brands have been successful in Bangkok with constant demands from ice cream lovers. Thailand is ranked at 13th place, with 1. 5 litter of ice cream consumption per capita each year (Ice cream consumption 2013), Just 2 places behind Singapore. The consumer market for ice cream in Bangkok consists mainly of This who are in the working class of age 25 – 40 and tourists who visit the kingdom for holidays. These groups of people generally look for uniqueness in the products they purchase. Thus, he technology of using liquid nitrogen to create ice cream instantly will attract their attention and given their access to education and the internet, they will better appreciate the ice cream making process of 320 Below. As ice cream brands that able to capture the attention of potential consumers in Bangkok and attract them to patronize the ice cream parlor. 5. 3 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 5. 3. 1 Bargaining power of suppliers (High) Liquid nitrogen is not only used in the ice cream making process but also for other food processing such as bakery in the Food Beverage (FB) Industry. As such, appliers may choose to supply to other food processing brands, which require a larger quantity of liquid nitrogen compared to 320 Below. Similarly, suppliers of other equipment in general required by 320 Below for its ice cream outlet operations have a bigger pool of customers in the similar business to choose from to create business ties. 5. 3. 2 Bargaining power of customers (Low) Customers are unable to make vast comparisons as brands offering the same product as 320 Below is relatively new in Bangkok. Furthermore, the Bangkok market is relatively new to this ice cream making process using liquid nitrogen to churn out CE cream. The lack of knowledge of the product further weakens their bargaining power. 5. 3. 3 Threat of new entrants (Low) There are very few ice cream outlets established in Bangkok that use the liquid nitrogen technology to produce their ice cream. Moreover, the frequency of new ice cream brands opening an outlet in Bangkok is low. Given the fact that Thailand is still a developing country and poses the risks of political unrest, other ice cream brands with similar technology might be hesitant to venture into the Thai market. Therefore, the threat of new entrants is low for ice cream brands in Bangkok. 3. 4 Threat of substitute products (High) Ice cream is a product that has constant demand in Bangkok given the hot climate and relatively strong demand from consumers. Therefore, there are numerous brands that provide the similar primary product with Just slight variations. The price range of 320 Below is relatively higher than the average ice cream pricing due to the running costs involving the technology that is used. Consumers may be unwilling to pay for a higher price for their ice cream and may favor other ice cream brands that are much cheaper but not necessarily of higher quality. Others may look for other alternatives such as local cold desserts to replace eating ice cream. Therefore, the threat of substitute products is high in Bangkok. 5. 3. 5 Competitive rivalry within the industry (Low) The idea of using liquid nitrogen in the ice cream making process is still very new in Bangkok. According to research, there is currently one ice cream brand that adopted competitor that produces ice cream in a similar process. However, due to its huge demographic and population in Bangkok there is room for competition in the market. 6. Environmental Factors 6. Host Country Business Climate 20 Below was the first to introduce liquid nitrogen ice cream. It was quite a success for them as a lot of people are curious and wanted to try how does these ice creams taste like. Soon another competitor Just Like It came along. It create a buzz in the FB industry as it invest in their marketing and advertising campaign. In order to expand their area of revenues income, 320 Below has began doing market survey and research to consider and plan their expansion. Either they open up another outlet to compete with their competitors or they can venture oversea to open their first shop overseas. In London and Hong Kong, there are already shops that sells liquid nitrogen ice cream. Thus venturing into these two countries are not advisable. The best two options are Thailand, Bangkok or Vietnam. 6. 2 SOOT Analysts of 320 Below Strength The strength of 320 Below lies in their Research and Development team and strong support from their management. The RD are always encourage to develop new products and to cater to the demands of the Singapore market. Being able to understand the Singapore market makes 320 Below easier to target at their range of customers. The vertical integration have given 320 Below an advantage in the arrest. Lastly, the financial status of 320 Below are healthy and they are not in debts. Weakness The operating costs for the operations in Singapore have been increasing lately. This is due to the inflation of the market in Singapore. Also they are facing manpower issues. Even though it is still manageable, but still its difficult to find young service staff to be committed and loyal to the company. Most of the services staff are students working on a temporary basis and they do not tend to stay long in the Job. Opportunities opportunities. To open their shops in Asia countries and to introduce their underfed products to the local people there. This can create more awareness and increase their market shares. Threats With the recent riots and social unrest in Bangkok, 320 Below will have to be very careful in their planning and execution of their shop opening. The economy in Thailand has fairly been affected by the power struggle between within the government parties. A possible delay in carrying out their plan might be necessary if the situation there worsen. Second, if the pricing of their ice cream is expensive, the local This might not patronize them and avoid eating it. . Government Constraints/ Incentives The Thai government has been having political uncertainties since 2010 surrounding their former prime minister and the current one. The former Prime Minister Taking Sinatra has been over thrown in a military coup in 2010. His sister was elected as the new Prime Minister for Thailand. At the end of 2013, his sister Youngling Sinatra has tried to pass on a bill, which could lead to allowing Taking to return to Thailand, Bangkok. This has caused uproar of protests among the Thai population. This was enough to lead to the recent demonstrations by the citizens in central Bangkok. Shops are still open for business even though protests and demonstrations are ongoing. But somehow, their business will still be affected. This feud between the anti government and the prime minister of Thailand will be ongoing for a long period. Travelers have been warned about traveling to Thailand and to avoid these affected areas. 6. 4 Laws/ Regulations/ Administrative Practices Thailand has a long history of corruption, bribery, extortion, leak of insider information used in securing lands, business deals, etc. This has created negative media publicity for the country. Organizations who want to venture into Thailand will have to seriously consider it before shifting in funds from overseas for investments. Therefore, It is prudent to have the government support in our expansion plans. We also need to know and abide to their local employment laws and regulations. It is almost similar to our Singapore employment regulations except for some slight differences. For example, there are no limitations on the number of days for medical leave. Companies are to set up the Employee Welfare Fund and contributions are made from both employer and employee. These funds will be used to compensate employees who have resigned, laid off or suffer serious injuries during their service with the company. 7. Business Strategies organizational structure in order for organizations to be successful. Bangkok regulation on the food and beverage industry welcomes foreign investment. The threat in competition for the food and beverage sector is overwhelming and could result in high operation cost. If it franchises out its chain in Bangkok or Joint venture with a local, the organization may experience a communication barrier as the locals mostly speak Thai and know minimum English. As a new entrant in Bangkok as a franchiser as an option, 320 Below may face potential challenges such as having difficulties in obtaining the appropriate approval and permits from the respective authorities. Unnecessary expenses might incur during the process and might lead to higher cost. Due to cultural differences and language barrier, this could also result in misunderstanding, leading to conflicts when dealing with the respective stakeholders in the sector, as they may be amateurs to the business. The proposed mode of entry for 320 Below is franchising in Bangkok, with a few considerations to be analyzed. Egger Hefted 320 Below must identify the Hypotheses national cultural dimensions as one of the key factors before proposing and venturing in Bangkok as identifying the cultural differences amongst the neighboring countries are an added advantage. In determining the Hefted nation culture, he identified five dimensions, which comprise of power distance, individualism, Masculinity/Femininity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation. 320 Below identified the potential of individualism and long-term orientation as their top priorities in venturing into Bangkok. The company is keen to review individualism ND long-term orientation as part of their daily operations in generating growth with the support and directions from the top management. Figure 1 : Hypotheses Model Country Comparison As a comparison amongst the three countries and Singapore, Bangkok shows the highest significant similarities of what Singapore adopts. fps Strategy 7. 1 Product/ Service Positioning Every individual has a sweet tooth whether for breakfast, teatime, after a meal or anytime of the day when one desires for dessert. Every dessert craves yearn for a perfect flavor and a unique sweet course. The evolution of ice-cream originated jack then during the second century B. C. It is known that Alexander the Great enjoyed ice and snow with a tinge of added flavors of honey and nectar back then. Tastes. Ice cream mostly appreciated by the elites remained a rare and exotic dessert in today’s context. Due to technological innovations such as steam power, mechanical refrigeration, homogeneity, electric motors and new freezing concepts and equipment ice-cream production has improvised. It has been identified in the United States that the total frozen dairy annual production is more than 1. 6 billion gallons due to the ongoing advancement in technologies. The concept of 320 Below was originated from United States. The process of rapid freezing provided by liquid nitrogen allows the making of endless combinations of ice-cream, sorbets, shakes, yoghurt which provides freshest desserts and quality to every patron. The Victorian†Queen of ice cream,† Agnes Marshall was the first to use the liquid nitrogen concept in the making of ice-cream over 100 years ago. The Intro facts on the usage of liquid nitrogen has gained competitive advantage at large as patrons get to witness their frozen dessert being made from scratch and this creates a unique experience for them. Liquid nitrogen utilizes smaller ice crystals than a conventional freezing process and is 320 degrees below zero which creates a creamier and smoother dessert. At 320 Below, guests are given the opportunity to create inventive flavor combinations by recommending their suggested flavors to the experimental team. 20 Below must be able to identify the needs of the consumers presently and in the future in order to develop the right product for its consumers. The targeted consumers for 320 Below are dessert lovers across all ethnic and demographic groups. By targeting the right audience and understanding the demands of its nonusers, 320 Below will be able to achieve competitive advantage amongst its competitors. 7. 2 Pricing Strategy 320 Below had accomplished its vertical integration in achieving a price competitive advantage through providing a unique concept and flavor with a wide range of products. Generally, existing customers tend to be less sensitive about pricing as compared to new customers. In order to achieve optimal profits and being able to be price competitive in the market, 320 Below may reduce its raw materials costs and the equipments usage in the making of the ice-cream. However, 320 Bellows mission s to deliver its products at its freshest and smoothest and its vision is to be the first in new creation and innovation in ensuring its products are fresh, smooth, tasty and clean at all times thus they will not compromise its cost for optimal profits. Its products have been priced with its overheads being taken into considerations. 320 Below has been consistent in providing excellent service and its efficiency has earned them positive testimonials, acknowledgements and referrals. The pricing of its products are worth the money as its high service and quality have managed to match up consumers expectations. The price range for its products with various flavors ranges from $5-$10. And the they been ranked number 15 out of 6,938 restaurants in Singapore by Trapdoors and 30% of its customers are tourists who have been referred to from Trapdoors. . 3 Distribution and Logistics Bangkok, an emerging city, with a population of more than 14 million and Thailand the world as estimated in 2013. Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) predicts a decline of five percent of tourists visiting Bangkok if the protests continue in the first quarter of 2014 and this will affect the hotel occupancy rate in Bangkok too, which is expected to fall by 30 to 40 percent. The political unrest has been predicted to affect the tourism in Thailand which may be damaging for all enterprises too. Some popular tourist attractions and areas have been affected as tourists have difficulties accessing such places. Such affected areas include international hotels like Hyatt, Four Seasons and InterContinental and even tourist attractions such as Ask, Silos and the Orthographic intersection. 320 Below must outline its strategies before entering the market in Bangkok as there may be chief players existing there. As 320 Below possess a unique concept in South East Sean region, it may plan its initial early stages of exploring its potential in Bangkok. However, due to the political instability, it should delay its intention of entering its market there until the situation diffuses. It has its advantage of being a first mover entrant in Bangkok as the liquid nitrogen ice-cream is not available there. It will not be feasible for the enterprise to enter through franchising mode of entry if the local players are too powerful and strong. 7. 4 Promotion and Advertising 7. 4. 1 Modes Of Advertising 20 Below is new in the market and they have to thrive to gain more exposure for it’s branding and showcase their products through different modes of advertising. Its point of purchase advertising is through its product pictures as consumers find the pictures too tempting and eager to try it. They must be more active in marketing its products although the advertising team have been doing a wonderful Job in order to reach out to a bigger pool of consumers and target the right demographic group by utilizing the suggested advertisements in faceable. This will create brand awareness o consumers with interest in desserts who will be able to receive advertisements on their news feed faceable page based on their respective interests. This mode of advertisement through faceable will go viral faster as it will be able to target the right audience as new consumers and even reach a regional or national audience. However, such types of media is not cost effective for smaller enterprises although one can reach a colossal group of consumers. Besides having a faceable account and participated in trade fairs , it may seek help from its consumers to spread the brand around through word of mouth. Word of mouth is the best and fastest mode of advertisement. By providing an excellent service and experience to its consumers, the brand will speak for itself. By offering good products, customers will share with their families and friends on the ice cream and many of 320 Below customers are referrals. The organization is also ranked Top 15 in Trapdoors which constitutes about 30% of their customer base whom are tourists. By winning its customers hearts, they will keep coming back and start introducing to their friends and share 320 Below faceable page on their faceable. How to cite International Management, Papers International Management Free Essays Discussion Questions 1. Why are Russia and Eastern Europe of interest to international managers? Identify and describe some reasons for such interest in Russia or Eastern Europe. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on International Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now MNCs from emerging markets are beginning to challenge the dominance of developed country MNCs. How might MNCs from America, Europe, and Japan respond to these challenges? Identify and describe: What kind of cultural challenges facing Taiwan or German entrepreneurs while entering the market of Swedish culture? (Note: refer to the study conducted by Geert Hofstede) 3. Define the four basic predispositions MNCs have toward their international operations. 4. Wilsten Inc. has been approached by a Japanese firm that wants exclusive production and selling rights for one of Wilsten’s new high-tech products. What does Wilsten need to know about Japanese bargaining behaviors to strike the best deal with this company? Identify and describe three. 5. Please comment on the following report titled â€Å"China Tech Firms Pursue Growth in Brazil† by Yun-Hee Kim on June 6, 2012. g-market giant Brazil to seize on growing demand for personal computers and smartphones in South America’s biggest economy. From Lenovo Group to telecommunications giant ZTE, cash-rich Chinese hardware makers are seeking to boost their market share globally as demand cools at home. They are looking at both buying firms abroad in countries such as Brazil, or setting up their own manufacturing plants there. Analysts and industry experts say more tech deals are on the horizon. Brazil has a fast-growing middle class whose use of smart TVs and smartphones is quickly rising. Chinese companies have the know-how to produce electronic devices at lower costs. There is every opportunity now for Chinese companies to work towards a global empire by adopting investment patterns that position well in the economies which are the most promising in terms of future growth,† such as Brazil, said Connie Carnabuci, Asia co-head of telecoms, media and technology practice at international law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer in Hong Kong. â€Å"Technology and telecommunications happens to be an area where China has wel l-established export players such as ZTE and Lenovo, so the synergies are obvious. Lenovo, the world’s second-largest PC maker by shipments after Hewlett-Packard, is interested in working with â€Å"all the players† in Brazil when it comes to acquisitions, the Chinese PC maker’s president for Asia-Pacific and Latin America, Milko Van Duijl, said in an interview. China is still Lenovo’s biggest market but the personal-computer maker has big plans for its Latin American business as global turmoil threatens profits. The WSJ’s Deborah Kan speaks to Milko van Duijl, Lenovo’s president of Asia Pacific and Latin America. Not every deal has gone smoothly, however. Lenovo’s pursuit of Brazilian computer-hardware maker Positivo Informatica ended in December 2008 without a merger deal. The companies didn’t provide a reason for why talks fell apart. Mr. Van Duijl declined to comment when asked whether Lenovo might reconsider a bid for Positivo, but said that acquisitions would help it get to be the top seller of PCs in Brazil, from its current No.? 9 spot. Officials at Positivo couldn’t be reached for comment. Meanwhile, ZTE is investing $200 million over the next four years in a high-tech industrial park in Sao Paulo that will house the firm’s first research-and-development facility in Latin America. It will also include a production plant, a training center and a logistics center. For ZTE, building a presence in Latin America is critical to its global ambitions, as it has faced political opposition to its plans to expand in the U. S. and Europe over concerns about ties to the Chinese government, and in India over official security inspections for network equipment from China. How to cite International Management, Papers

Social Entrepreneurship for Priya Food - myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. What are other brands you know that have faced the issue of commoditization? Provide examples and explain how they have coped with it. 2. What are the issues and challenges in marketing a low involvement product? How can these challenges be addressed? How, according to you, did K-C address this challenge and make Kleenex a superior brand? 3. Critically analyze the let it out campaign. Discuss its pros and cons. What modifications or changes do you suggest that can make it more effective? 4. What are the pros and cons of having a brand name that is so well known that it becomes a verb? Suggest how brands such as Kleenex can protect themselves from their brand name becoming so generic that they lose their copy rights. Answers: 1. Commoditization has been a concerning issue for marketers as competition grows fierce. For products such as Kleenex, consumers do not have much to ponder over before making a purchase. The low-cost products do not receive much attention from consumers as they are not loyalist and switch to other similar brands without much consideration. They have limited scope to create differentiation and make a niche for themselves. This pattern could be seen in many industries as technology and innovation has become indispensable. For instance, most of the products in grocery or convenience stores are inexpensive and easily available (Lyons, 2012). So the consumers have sufficient options available to shift their brand loyalty to other alternatives since they are less bothered about digging in more information. Lets take the case of biscuit industry in India has been a victim of commoditization in the past (Balakrishna, 2011). In 1997, Once Britannia industries was recognized with biscuits as it was the major contributor in the total revenue generation. However, economic reforms ushered in a new era of industrialization wherein big foreign players stepped into the industry posing stern competition to the local companies. The competitors include ITC, Parle, Bakemans, Priya Food etc. They introduced cheap biscuits to entice the consumers to switch their allegiance with Britannia. It was this time when the company felt the pressure to sustain the same growth trajectory as the biscuit market was largely becoming commoditized. The company felt the need to review its marketing strategy to meet the issues and challenges. As part of its reinventing strategy, Britannia embraced two-pronged strategy titled Walking on two legs to strengthen companys market position in the biscuit industry and diversif y into new product markets to improve growth prospects. This overarching strategy compelled the company to introduce some conventional changes in the brand logo, and brand message to reaffirm consumer confidence in health and nutritional products. Secondly, it entered into a business alliance with world renowned Danone to develop a new product portfolio to target a broad consumer market. This dual approach helped the company gain the lost momentum back in the mother brand (biscuit) and develop a fresh crop of small brands to satisfy diverse consumer demands. 2. Low involvement products are those for which consumers require minimum amount of information and effort before making a purchase. They are usually low priced essential products which are repeatedly purchased without putting much thought. So, consumers need not explore market for better option. They are of least importance, so consumers do not think much before purchasing them. For instance, your daily soap or bottled water. Such brands are easily available. However, if in case they are not available, consumers can opt for any other brand. Consumers have no special preference to purchase one brand over another. This makes it all the more challenging for the marketers to create a niche as the consumers are not deeply involved in making purchasing decision. The commoditization of low involvement products is a big challenge for companies. Kleenex had become an exclusive tissue brand related with flu and cold season. Once the sales started falling in 2001 with competition posed by othe r big retailers, the company came out with let it out campaign to engage consumers by stirring their emotions. They filmed the videos where consumers poured their heart out whilst using the tissue paper, as part of the public campaign. The campaign hit the chord with the consumers and the sales started improving. The campaign received mix response from the marketers and other brand analysts. Whilst some applauded the company, there were others who denounced it as a lame marketing gimmick which apparently does not address the root cause of the problem. According to me, the company chose a tried and tested formula to emotionally evoke the consumers to purchase their brand over others. But that does not change the fact that there is no change in the core characteristics of the brand. The company merely transformed the perception of people through the LIO campaign. They effortlessly made Kleenex a special product for consumers as and when they give in to their deeply seated emotions. So now the consumers have one more reason to purchase Kleenex over others. I think the campaign was well staged and enacted, but I do not see it as a permanent solution. Some or the other day, consumers would get tired of it and may put their hand on other products in the market. 3. The Let it out (LIO) was an innovative campaign intended to engage the potential consumers with the popular tissue brand Kleenex. The brand has been associated with cold and flu season ever since it was out in the market. However, the brand witnessed consistent drop in the sales, thereby compelling the US- based company to come out with something unique to attract the consumers. The campaign invited people to sit on a sofa and stir their emotions to use the tissue paper. Though the campaign helped the company increase the sale of the brand, there was lot of criticism from the market. There were many who kind of liked the overall feel of the campaign, there were others who accused the company of ignoring the main issues. Kleenex as a brand does not require much involvement from the consumers. So, plateau in the sale graph was quite a possibility. However, the company played it well with the LIO campaign targeting the consumer perception. The campaign bridged the gap between the brand and the potential consumers through emotional engagement. They did not manipulate or kind of twisted the facts but focused to unveil another facet of the product. They remained honest with the consumers and allowed them to build an emotional bond with the product. Instead of seasonal purchase, now the consumers would like to replenish their stock for their emotional strength. In a sense, this campaign reflected the need of people to listen to their heart and share their feelings to feel better. In totality, this was a welcoming change and did not harm anyone. However, this did not serve the main problem. Notably, commoditization of the low involvement products is a daunting challenge for companies. Though KC did it well, the problem remains unaddressed. I would suggest the company if it had targeted some other consumer segment to expand its core market. The product could have been promoted through some social campaign to connect with a broad market. Alternatively, effective customer relationship management strategies are the best way to promote and sell low involvement products over a long period of time. They can potentially change the consumers preference without making big investment in other marketing gimmicks for temporary relief. 4. Its an ironical situation for companies when their brand name is unashamedly used in regular conversation. It raises a huge question on the strength of the brand name in the market. For marketers, it is no less than a paradoxical situation wherein on one side it depicts the high engagement of the consumers with the brand, on the other side it challenges the intellectual rights of the product name. Whilst it is not clear if a company loses profit if the brand name is considered generic, it does create confusion among consumers. For instance, Xerox for decades has opposed the use of word xerox in general terminology lest the product would become too generic to retain its novelty (Hoban, 2013). Xerox is a global brand and it would lose its sheen if it continues to be used in generic conversation. The same could be said about FaceTime and Skype wherein the brand name has turned into verb i.e. lets skype or I will facetime tonight. So while people may not realize that they are actuall y denouncing the copy rights, the reputation of the associated companies diminishes. There is no specific reason as to why some brand names become too generic whilst many others enjoy the exclusivity. Such allegiance with brand names validate the comfort level of the consumers but it kind of demotivates all those who slogged to make the brand name. In a brand-dominate market culture, it is a stark reality that many popular brand names have become too generic. What is even more surprising is that these generic trademarks have become common part of the English lexicon which apparently most of the people do not even realize. Marketers allege that the companies spend loads of money in develop a unique product or service name but generic use of the brand names belittles all the efforts. Kleenex has faced the same anomaly and the best way to combat it is through effective marketing to reinforce the name in the mind of the consumers. All the ads and other marketing campaigns must emphasize on the brand name for consumers to realize the facts. References Lyons, T.S. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship: How Businesses Can Transform Society. Balakrisha, S. (2011). Case Studies in Marketing. Hoban, M. (2013). Google This: What It Means When A Brand Becomes A Verb. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/3004901/google-what-it-means-when-brand-becomes-verb

How do you respond to the view that Michael Symmon Essays

How do you respond to the view that Michael Symmons Roberts presents modern love as empty of romance? It is possible to agree with the view that Symmons Roberts presents modern love as empty of romance, as he portrays the lack of romance and lust surrounding the feminine form through further use of the map metaphor used by Donne in Elegy XIX: to his mistress going to bed. Symmons Roberts juxtaposes Donne's romantic description of the female body; "as your mistress strips for bed, her body is already mapped". This abrupt continuation and use of the word "mapped" connotes unpleasant ownership of the female body. Moreover, this is further conveyed through the use of a declarative statement;"it is a textbook of disease". The use of the word "textbook" implies a lack of complexity or excitement as a written piece, but something plain and lacking intrigue. In addition, the use of the word "disease" heavily implies the female body is abhorred and disgusting,Thus juxtaposing John Donne's romantic portrayal of his mistress, who described her body as a "mystic book". The implication of disease further connotes Symmons Roberts interest in DNA and gene patenting and the influence of modern knowledge on genetics,adopting the perspective of a biologist rather than a romantic (like Donne). This is further conveyed at the end of the poem, through the list of DNA codes from the BRCA1 gene, which has connections with breast cancer. Symmons Roberts debases the facade of the mistress' body conveyed by Donne, instead depicting a grotesque perspective on the feminine body. Although this presentation of the female body is atypical of love poems, this vulgar presentation of women is also portrayed in Seamus Heaney's Punishment when describing Windeby; "shaved head like a black corn", conveying that both authors may be seeking to portray the truth of love instead of romanticising. However, this may be interpreted as a criticism by Symmons Roberts, it may not be his own personal view but the view of modern society. Furthermore, it is possible to agree with the view that Symmons Roberts presents modern love as empty of romance as he conveys that the romantic notion of discovery of your partner within a relationship, as conveyed by John Donne in Elegy XIX to his mistress going to bed, is a facade. Symmons Roberts directly addressed John Donne "you call her your America-too right". The use of "your America" conveys a sense of perceived ownership, as a reference to Donne's infamous description; "Oh my America! My new found land!". Through this direct address, Symmons Roberts may be implying that Donne's (and males universally) perceived self discovery of their lover is naive. This is further conveyed through Symmons Roberts use of alliteration; "mastered by medics, laid bare." The use of hyperbole "mastered" almost conveys a satirical tone; his mistress has been studied and discovered in depth enough to be mastered biologically and academically. The references to geographical discovery within love further convey each author's perspective in respect to their culture; Donne represents the relevance of geographical discovery at the time, and the mystery surrounding the discovery of America, whereas Symmons Roberts portrays the modern relevance of science and genetic patenting, in a society where America is well known and established. Futhermore, Symmons Roberts debases the illusion of intimacy and romance within modern love, as he writes; "banker's tired of gold have bought a piece of her and you." The language "bought" connotes materialism and quantification of both partners within the relationship, implying that there is no privacy or romance, that love is owned. PARA 2 = DISCOVERY MAPS CHARTS ALL KNOWN SCIENTIFIC NOT ROMANTIC

Claude Monet essays

Claude Monet essays Claude Monet was a French landscape painter and a founder of impressionism. He held onto his belief of his painting style throughout his long career and is considered to be the most consistently representative painter of that time. He is also one of the leading painters of landscapes in the history of art. Claude Monet was born in Paris in 1840 but spent his early life in Le Havre. Monet loved to draw and spent much of his time sketching caricatures of people. He met a marine painter named Boudin, who encouraged him to paint out doors in the open air, a practice he never gave up. In 1860, he joined with the army in Algeria, after two years he went to Paris, although his parents objected, to study painting under Charles Gleyre. Monet disliked the classical school of painting, which was then popular and joined several other artists whose ideas agreed with his own. Monet made several lasting friendships with the artists who would later become known as the Impressionists. They included Pissarro, Cezanne, Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille. Monet and several of his friends painted for a time out-of-doors in the Barbizon district. Monet felt he could not express himself in the formal traditions and began to paint things as he saw them. He paid little attention to the detail of his subject, but tried to capture the effects of light and air. Monet soon began to concentrate on his lifelong objective, painting the variations of lights and shadows that are brought on by the changes of time through out the day and the seasons. Instead of copying the classical style of painting, which was a traditional practice of young artists of that time, Monet learned from his friends, from the landscape itself, and from the works of his older peers, Manet, Corot, and Courbet. Monet's representation of light was based on his knowledge of the laws of optics as well as his own observations of his subjects. He often showed natural color by breaking i...

Retail Merchandising & Store Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Merchandising & Store Operations - Essay Example Marketers need to come up with new strategies to attract and hold on to their customers and one of these promotional strategies is visual merchandising and store design and layout. Walters and White have defined visual merchandising as the activity, which coordinates effective merchandising selection with effective merchandising display. (D Walters and D White, 1987). It involves communicating a positive product image to the customer and also ensuring that the customer decodes it well thus leading to positive behavioral outcome leading to purchase. The basic aim of the retailer is to trigger a customer to make a purchase. For this three major steps are to be followed. The first one should cause the customer to enter the shop. This can be caused by the shops exterior including both the exterior landscape, the board and the window display. The second effort is made to retain the customer in the store for as long as possible which is attained by making the ambience pleasing and the store comfortable. The third and the decision making process of buying is greatly affected by the product display and availability which is ensured by clean products on display in an efficient manner. The interior design of the store can greatly affect the customers psychologically, lowering their defenses and removing their doubts, encourage them to make purchases and maintain interest in the store. (Kotler, 1974). Thus all marketers are unanimous in agreeing with the fact that store design is one of the main factors behind customer store choice decisions. Other factors include pricing, distance and size of the outlet. Previously the emphasis was on the display of the products but now marketers also have to lay emphasis on the elements which excite the senses of the shoppers. Frequently used elements are smells, lighting, flat screen videos and

Application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Application - Assignment Example Objective examination of the mentioned variables seeks to establish a relationship between the factors influencing teacher-student communication within a learning environment. The research article subscribes to the fact that student nonverbal responses are a desirable behavior among teachers in a college context (Malachowski and Martin 142). It acknowledges that all students will not engage in constructive communication through verbal means. In this regard, there is a need to understand how teachers can effectively use nonverbal communication in sourcing desired information from students. B. Theoretical Background Numerous studies suggest that students’ nonverbal responses influence a teacher’s degree of self-efficacy and job satisfaction. In addition, students respond differently to classroom instructions based on their perception on the instructing teacher (Malachowski and Martin 143). In this context, it is inherent to acknowledge the element of nonverbal immediacy d epicted by a teacher within a class room. Previous studies show that nonverbal immediacy influences students’ willingness to comply with a teacher’s instructions. On the other hand, the aspect of communication apprehension affects effectiveness of communication between teachers and students in college classrooms. High levels of Communication Apprehension, which involves an exaggerated sense of fear and anxiety, act as a negative influence on a teacher’s communications. Subsequently, students experiences discomfort and dissatisfaction whenever their teacher elicits substantial degrees of communication apprehension (Malachowski and Martin 143). Thorough evaluation of these variables within teacher population suggests existence of a relationship between them and the students’ nonverbal responses. In this regard, it is worth establishing an objective and reliable relationship between the variables mentioned above. Therefore, this research article provides a d etailed analysis on the quantitative nature of relevant variables within a learning setting. II. Description of Research Results a) Nonverbal Immediacy The entire study inclines towards hypothesis containing paired variables regarding teacher’s perception on students’ nonverbal responses, and their individual patterns in nonverbal communication. On the aspect of nonverbal immediacy, results depict a positive relationship between instructor’s perception on nonverbal immediacy and their perception on students’ nonverbal responsiveness. Quantitative analysis of the variables yields a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.56 (Malachowski and Martin 146). Theoretical knowledge ascertains that nonverbal immediacy influences the physical and psychological distance between communicating parties. In learning, instructors displaying minimum physical and emotional contact with their students receive more and objective attention compared to those eliciting behavioral arousal and attention among students. b) Confirmation Behaviors The second hypothesis relates the variable of confirming behaviors and the instructor’s perception on students’ nonverbal responses. Quantitative analysis yields a Pearson coefficient of 0.33, which suggests existence of a positive relationship between the two variables. Confirmation behaviors refer to instructor’s perception on students’ perception concerning their resourcefulness, significance and acknowledgement within a classroom. The relation coefficie

Direct Vs. Indirect Taxation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Direct Vs. Indirect Taxation - Research Paper Example In order to assess our argument it would be important for us to know the difference between direct and indirect taxation.   Direct taxes are those taxes that are levied on one’s income. They are calculated annually and a certain percentage is levied on the earnings of a person. Similarly, indirect taxes or not levied on the people’s income. Instead, indirect taxes are paid on the purchase of goods and services. They are paid whenever a purchase is made. They are included in the selling price of a good and service and hence a person cannot escape indirect taxes since he is paying not only the price of the good or service, but also the portion of a tax. Hence it is unavoidable and is paid by everyone irrespective of his earning. (McConnell)We can use the above definitions to classify the federal income tax and federal sales tax into one of the two classes of taxation. This would help us in determining which is more useful in terms of revenue for the government and welfa re of the society. Since we know that federal income tax is levied on people’s income and is calculated annually, we can classify it as a direct tax. This means that it is levied on the person’s income. It is a progressive tax where the rich person pays a higher amount than a person who is earning lesser than that person. On the other hand, federal sales tax is levied on the purchase of goods and services. People pay this type of tax only when they buy or sell something. It is not charged on the person’s income and it is a regressive tax meaning.... Hence it is unavoidable and is paid by everyone irrespective of his earning. (McConnell) We can use the above definitions to classify the federal income tax and federal sales tax into one of the two classes of taxation. This would help us in determining which is more useful in terms of revenue for the government and welfare of the society. Since we know that federal income tax is levied on people’s income and is calculated annually, we can classify it as a direct tax. This means that it is levied on the person’s income. It is a progressive tax where the rich person pays a higher amount than a person who is earning lesser than that person. On the other hand, federal sales tax is levied on the purchase of goods and services. People pay this type of tax only when they buy or sell something. It is not charged on the person’s income and it is a regressive tax meaning that both rich and poor pay equal amount of tax if the selling price of a good is same for their purch ases. In other words, we can differentiate between these two types of taxes by using mathematic equation. Income tax is charged on one’s income. It is a percentage of one’s income. Let’s suppose that the prevalent income tax rate in the United States of America is 20%. The calculation of taxes for the income will be the following: Income Tax = Annual Income * 0.25 Similarly, in case of an indirect tax such as federal sales tax, the calculation for the income tax will be the following: Tax = Selling Price of Commodity * Percentage of the Tax These two equations tell us that federal sales tax has nothing to do with the income of a person. It is calculated just by looking at the value of the purchase that the person is

Similarities In My Papas Waltz English Language Essay

Similarities In My Papas Waltz English Language Essay The issue of family relationship is a valuable standard for the understanding of literary works, mainly those which feature the connection between a boy and his father. Family relationship is significant in portraying how a child uses fantasy to avoid his attitudes toward his parents. It suggest father and son relationship by means of poetry in disguised and discerning hints can be a successful means to reflect the hidden and emotionally based childhood experiences. In several respects, the poems My Papas Waltz, by Theodor Roethke and Those Winter Sundays, by Robert Hayden fall in this category. The connection between the child and his father in these poems offers a means of discovering and interpreting the setting, tone and theme among other elements aspects of poetry. In My Papas Waltz, a drunken father turns home at night foul of whisky and starts to dance with the narrator, in what is believed to be a regular episode (Fong79). The speaker in Those Winter Sundays also remembers a regular event during his childhood, when his father rises early on Sunday mornings (Rampersad and Herbold 261). Most readers see the poem My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays, as opposites; however they are alike in several significant ways. My Papas Waltz describes a father and child together enjoying time in a waltz. The poems theme swings around memories of a child concerning his father. It is set in a family home and is narrated by a young boy. The poem has four stanzas, perhaps to reflect the structure of their waltz (McKenna1). It is likely that the father has just gotten home after a long days work, and dances with the child before going to bed. Those Winter Sundays cautiously remembers the fathers sacrifices on a Sunday morning, besides his constant labor on weekdays. Emotions and memories form the theme of this poem. The poem is narrated from a sons perspective, and set in a cold dwelling during winter. The first point is that the father gets dressed early when the house is unheated and cold. He calls the son to wake up after the fire has been lit and the house is warm. He also polishes the childs shoes (Gallagher 1). However, the relationship is described by elements like chronic angers, which may imply that po ssibly the routine and maybe poverty had strained family affiliations. The cold in the house described by Hayden is a recurring hardship that the father must endure: Sundays too my father got up earlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in the blue black cold, (1-2). In the whole poem, the author employs imagery and other figurative language forms, consistent setting along with flashback techniques to bring out a picture of father-son relationship for the reader (Rampersad and Herbold 261). The actions of the father are channeled in bettering the life of his family. However, No one ever thanked him (5). Even though the father shows his efforts by sacrificing personal comfort for the childs sake, the boy does not understand the stern and simple love expressed by the father. In addition, maternal influence is not emphasized in both poems. The mother is does mentioned in My Papas Waltz with My mothers countenance could not unfrown itself (7-8). However, similar to Those Winter Sundays the maternal parent does not feature in any significant way (Fong81). The boys in both cases m ay have anticipated more than was given to them. Especially, the concept of more love; yet they failed to understand that their fathers simply demonstrated this affection in a different manner. Nevertheless, a holy bond exists in the father-son relationship. This connection is the bottom line of both poems. The speakers in the two poems are actually adults who are analyzing their past and articulating their reactions to their fathers. Hence both narrations express nostalgia. Likewise, the narrators are expressing their appreciation and love to their father, which had not been shown in the past. For instance, Roethke writes about a father who would dance daily with the boy. During the dance, the boy would occasionally miss a step and his ear would painfully scrap his fathers belt (McKenna 1). Though sometimes painful, it was a memorable thing for the son. The poem is authored in a happy tone and light hearted throwback to the narrators boyhood days. Those Winter Sundays illustrates a more sad and dark tone. The speaker remembers how the father woke up and started to work Sundays too my father got up earlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/ No one ever thanked him (1-5). Yet, the message remain s related, that the father worked hard to keep the house warm and support his family (Gallagher1). Therefore, even though this poem is much sadder, it still encompasses a somewhat loving feeling. Both narrators now realize the significance of their fathers efforts as envision in the choice of words. So as to present the father-son relationship, the writers utilize words with the same connotation. The reader is able to find out that the families spoken of in both poems are not wealthy. Roethke, in describing the father writes With a palm caked hard by dirt, (14). Likewise, Hayden in illustrating the impact of the work on the father uses words like with cracked hands that ached, (3). Fathers in both cases become soiled due to their occupations, which can be assumed not to be that great. Furthermore, the choices of words in both narrations convey pain to the audience. Words such as battered, scraped, clinging cold splintering, breaking, and chronic angers could comprise a single poem (Fong 82: Rampersad and Herbold 261). But they are adjectives utilized by both writers in their separate poems. Each word passes over some level of painful image in the mind of readers. The order of words the two poems play an important role too. Rather than arrange phrases in a normal and accepted way , the authors change the word order to establish more emphasis and or rhythm in the relationship. Whereas the father-son relationship somewhat differs in the two poems, both narrators think back to a defining moment during their boyhood. Narrated years after the event, the speaker in Those Winter Sundays tends to appreciate these moments even more. The phrase What did I know (14) is repeated to highlight the fact that the child did not understand the true meaning of being a father (Gallagher1). Referring to loves offices as lonely and austere is additional evidence that the fathers efforts went unappreciated by his family. Still, some mentions throughout My Papas Waltz such as the whiskey on your breath (1), and the hand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ /was batteredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (9-10) are used. They could probably mean that the father was drunk or had anger problems, but many readers discover the poem to be cheerful (McKenna1). It is almost likely that the speaker tells the story to express and memorize his moment of fun with the father. In conclusion, the two poems represents on family relationships, particularly the link between a young boy and the father. Even though the details and tone make each poem unique, the main idea is similar. My Papas Waltz portrays how the speaker looks back at certain childhood episodes when he joyfully played with his father. In Those Winter Sundays, the narrator also mirrors how the father sacrificed for his family, but was never appreciated fully. Very similar experiences are conveyed due to the ability of the father to physically communicate to his son devoid of words. Roethkes speaker realizes that although his father was never a polished dancer, he took time to waltz with him, then a young boy. Father and son had a moment of fun, even though it hurt a little. Haydens narrator recalls the actions of his father each morning, lighting fire and polishing shoes. The speaker regrets greatly that he did not appreciate his fathers efforts. While the two poems are composed and read differ ently, the fundamental message transmitted is a valid immediate explanation of father-son relationship.

Somnambulism - Sleep Walking :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Somnambulism - Sleep Walking One of the interesting sleep disorder is sleep walking. The medical, or more scientific, term for sleep walking is somnambulism. The characteristic symptoms are walking or exhibiting other activities while seemingly still asleep. (1) I became interested in researching this topic, because I sleep walk. I sleep walk only when I am under stress, which is not often. However, it is one of my primary concerns because I exhibit an extremely violent behavior. I began my research by looking for the relationship between somnambulism and the brain. I found that they are related, but the details are still under research. Then, I looked for the cause, however, since the detailed mechanism of the brain during sleep walking is not defined, a specific cause and effect was also not clearly defined. Thus, this paper will include the information that the researchers have obtained so far, the type of experiments that have been done, and the problems in obtaining more information about somnambulism. The term somnambulism comes from the Latin words for sleep (somnus) and walking (ambulus). A typical sleepwalking episode is rather short. Sleepwalkers may simply appear awake, or exhibit complicated activity such as driving a car, while asleep. (2) The researchers have been using a device called the Electroencephalogram (EEG) to understand sleep and sleep disorders. This device measures the electromagnetic waves that are emitted from the brain at various locations around the head. These waves are amplified and fed to a plotter, which plots the amplitude of the waves over time. This device identified four stages of sleep.(3) The first sleep state, before the four stages, is pre-sleep. The EEG reading of an active and awake person shows mainly beta waves, which are low-amplitude, high frequency waves. Beta waves are associated with conscious thought. As a person begins to fall asleep, the EEG reading becomes punctuated with alpha waves, which are regular waves of higher amplitude. Alpha waves are associated with a relaxed mind. The first stage of sleep shows similar beta waves as the first sleep state, except at a lower frequency. As time progresses within stage 1, there is a gradual lowering of frequency and simultaneous increase of amplitude. The second stage of sleep show two characteristic waves. K-complexes consist of a single large amplitude wave, and Sleep spindles are 1-2 second bursts of very high frequency irregular waves. The third stage shows infrequent intrusion of delta waves, which have high amplitude and a low frequency. Somnambulism - Sleep Walking :: Biology Essays Research Papers Somnambulism - Sleep Walking One of the interesting sleep disorder is sleep walking. The medical, or more scientific, term for sleep walking is somnambulism. The characteristic symptoms are walking or exhibiting other activities while seemingly still asleep. (1) I became interested in researching this topic, because I sleep walk. I sleep walk only when I am under stress, which is not often. However, it is one of my primary concerns because I exhibit an extremely violent behavior. I began my research by looking for the relationship between somnambulism and the brain. I found that they are related, but the details are still under research. Then, I looked for the cause, however, since the detailed mechanism of the brain during sleep walking is not defined, a specific cause and effect was also not clearly defined. Thus, this paper will include the information that the researchers have obtained so far, the type of experiments that have been done, and the problems in obtaining more information about somnambulism. The term somnambulism comes from the Latin words for sleep (somnus) and walking (ambulus). A typical sleepwalking episode is rather short. Sleepwalkers may simply appear awake, or exhibit complicated activity such as driving a car, while asleep. (2) The researchers have been using a device called the Electroencephalogram (EEG) to understand sleep and sleep disorders. This device measures the electromagnetic waves that are emitted from the brain at various locations around the head. These waves are amplified and fed to a plotter, which plots the amplitude of the waves over time. This device identified four stages of sleep.(3) The first sleep state, before the four stages, is pre-sleep. The EEG reading of an active and awake person shows mainly beta waves, which are low-amplitude, high frequency waves. Beta waves are associated with conscious thought. As a person begins to fall asleep, the EEG reading becomes punctuated with alpha waves, which are regular waves of higher amplitude. Alpha waves are associated with a relaxed mind. The first stage of sleep shows similar beta waves as the first sleep state, except at a lower frequency. As time progresses within stage 1, there is a gradual lowering of frequency and simultaneous increase of amplitude. The second stage of sleep show two characteristic waves. K-complexes consist of a single large amplitude wave, and Sleep spindles are 1-2 second bursts of very high frequency irregular waves. The third stage shows infrequent intrusion of delta waves, which have high amplitude and a low frequency.

Narrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield Essay

â€Å"Whatever I have tried to do in life, I have tried with all my heart to do it well; whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself completely; in great aims and in small I have always thoroughly been in earnest.† Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens is considered as one of the greatest writers of all times. His fluid language, the wise mind, the great writing technique, the sharp eye, made his works survive for more than 150 years. He is the author of more than twenty novels. All of them very appreciated from- book lovers- since the time they were written until nowadays and, with great chance that they will be read and appreciated in the centuries that will come. The purpose of this diploma thesis is the comparison of narrative techniques of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†. â€Å"Oliver Twist† belongs to the first years of Dickens’s literary works.1 It was very successful since its first edition but, the critics don’t list it as one of the most valuable works of Dickens.2 â€Å"David Copperfield† comes after twelve years of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and it is considered as one of the most achieved works of Charles Dickens. Dickens himself considers David as â€Å"his favorite child†.3 Speaking from the perspective of the narration, as the study will demonstrate, these two novels belong to different forms of narration. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is narrated by third person narrator. In construction is considered simpler than â€Å"David Copperfield†. The narrator of â€Å"David Copperfield† is David himself meaning that the story is told by the main hero. This typ e of narration is a first person narration. However I will discuss about this in more details during the thesis. 2. Biography of Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity and fame than had any previous author during his lifetime, and he remains popular, having been responsible for some of English literature’s most iconic novels and characters4. He was born at Landport in Portsea on Friday, the seventh of February, 1812.5 Charles was the son of John, a clerk in the navy-pay office and Lady Elizabeth Barrow. From the early years of his childhood, he hade to face the life of hardships and difficulties due to his father’s failure in maintaining the family. At the age of twelve he had to quit school because his family was being held into debtor’s prison. When he was fifteen he became a clerk in a law firm and later worked as a newspaper reporter. He published his first fiction in 1836 – a series of character sketches called Sketches by Boz. The work was well-received, but its reception was nothing compared to the international acclaim he received with the publication of The Pickwick Papers in the following year. 6 After this early blush of success, Dickens took on the job as editor of Bentley’s Miscellany, a literary magazine in which a number of his early works were serialized, including Oliver Twist (1837-9) and Nicholas Nickleby (1838-9). He left to begin his own literary magazine, Master Humphrey’s Clock, in 1840, and over the next ten years published many of his most famous novels in serial form, including The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1), A Christmas Carol (1844), and David Copperfield (1849-50), perhaps the most autobiographical of all his novels. He made his first visit of USA in 1842. He had taken trips in other places like France, Italy and Switzerland but always returning to his home. His journeys abroad influenced him a lot in his work. Other works were serialized in Household Words between 1850 and 1859, which was then succeeded by All the Year Round, which he edited until his death in 1870, publishing such novels as A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1860-1), and Our Mutual Friend (1864-5). A workaholic to the end, Dickens died of a stroke in 1870 after having penned a chapter of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, his final (and unfinished) novel, the previous day.7 Although Dickens is distingu ished for his great capability in writing fiction, in his bibliography are included also various poems. Some of them are8: A Child’s hymn, A fine Old English Gentelman, Lucy’s Song, The Ivy Green, Little Nell’s Funeral etc. Dickens has produced a great treasure for the British literature. His novels have challenged the time and today are still present to impress every book lover. 3. Oliver Twist 3.1. Plot 1 of the novel â€Å"Oliver Twist† is the second book of Charles Dickens. As in many of his novels, the author here also displays the difficulties of young children in the English society of XIX century. The story is about an orphan who has to live a life of hardships since the day he was born. When he is at the age of nine he works at a workhouse but after his promiscuous begging â€Å"Please sir, I want some more!† he is taken out the workhouse. After the work house he was hired to an undertaker but from the ill treatment that he undergoes there he is forced to escape. The poor child goes to London with the hope that things will get better in his life but there too he encounters many difficulties and meets people who want to take advantage of his innocence. However, the luck hasn’t completely abandoned him since he meets some good hearted people who take care of him and help him discover the mystery of his birth and find out who were his parents All the adventures of the book end happily. The bad guys pay their dues and the good ones find the tranquility and happiness. This is a very brief recount of the plot since the analysis will be focused in the narration and narrators point of view. 3.2. Narrative form From the first paragraph of the novel the reader can notice that the narrator speaks in third person: â€Å"Although I am not disposed to maintain that the being born in a workhouse, is in itself the most fortunate and enviable circumstance that can possibly befall a human being, I do mean to say that in this particular instance, it was the best thing for Oliver Twist that could by possibility have occurred. The fact is, that there was considerable difficulty in inducing Oliver to take upon himself the office of respiration,–a troublesome practice, but one which custom has rendered necessary to our easy existence; and for some time he lay gasping on a little flock mattress, rather unequally poised between this world and the  next: the balance being decidedly in favour of the latter.† (O.T.; Pg.4; Ch.I )9. A third person narration means that the story is recounted from someone outside the book, meaning that he/she is not a character in the book but, is able to â€Å"observe† the story from distance. To confirm this I will show some passages which the narrator uses to tell that he is the teller of the story: â€Å"That Oliver Twist was moved to resignation by the example of these good people, I cannot, although I am his biographer, undertake to affirm with any degree of confidence; but I can most distinctly say, that for many months he continued meekly to submit to the domination and ill-treatment of Noah Claypole.† (O.T.; Pg.37; Ch. VI)10 3.3. The influence of narrator in reader’s image Although the narrator is objective in most of his narration, when describing some characters he sides a little to influence the readers image about that character. When describing Noah Calypole his tone takes features of disgust and dislike. The narrator did this because his intention was to influence the reader’s opinion about the character: â€Å"With this, Mr. Claypole administered a kick to Oliver, and entered the shop with a dignified air, which did him great credit. It is difficult for a large-headed, small-eyed youth, of lumbering make and heavy countenance, to look dignified under any circumstances; but it is more especially so, when superadded to these personal attractions are a red nose and yellow smalls.† (O.T.; Pg. 29; Ch.V).11 This happens also when the reader is introduced with Fagin, Bill Sikes and all other evil characters. When the reader first meets Fagin besides the repulsive description of the character also the place where he lives appears as dirty and gloomy: â€Å"Oliver, groping his way with one hand, and having the other firmly grasped by his companion, ascended with much difficulty the dark and broken st airs: which his conductor mounted with an ease and expedition that showed he was well acquainted with them. He threw open the door of a back-room, and drew Oliver in after him. The walls and ceiling of the room were perfectly black with age and dirt. There was a deal table before the  fire: upon which were a candle, stuck in a ginger-beer bottle, two or three pewter pots, a loaf and butter, and a plate.†12 Influencing the readers image is a trick from narrators part that he also uses in order to make ground for the image the reader is about to create for a positive character.: When the narrator describes Mr. Bronlown he makes a very pleasant description of him. â€Å"The old gentleman was a very respectable-looking personage, with a powdered head and gold spectacles. He was dressed in a bottle-green coat with a black velvet collar; wore white trousers; and carried a smart bamboo cane under his arm.† (O.T. ;Pg.61;Ch.X).13 At some characters the narrator is a bit satirical. For example when he describes Mr. Bumble he is trying to make him look ridiculous in the reader’s eyes: â€Å"Now, Mr. Bumble was a fat man, and a choleric; so, instead of responding to this openhearted salutation in a kindred spirit, he gave the little wicket a tremendous shake, and then bestowed upon it a kick which could have emanated from no leg but a beadle’s.† ( O.T.; Pg.8; Ch.2).14 When the narrator refers to Billie Sikes, he in the beginning refers to him as â€Å"the man†. After Billie commits the burglary it is revealed what he does and after this the narrator refers to him as â€Å"the thief†. At the end when he murders Nancy the narrator addresses to him as â€Å"the murderer†. The narrator labels this character with the crimes that he makes. This seems to happen because the story teller wants to inform the reader exactly with the features of that personage. In order to mark the characters of Fagin, Billie, Artful Dodger, and all the other members of the gang as â€Å"the bad ones†, the narrator makes their language rude and informal. When the narrator constructs their dialogues he uses the street slang, so the characters appear uneducated and ignorant. There are passages where the story teller represents the innocence of Oliver by making the reader understand some situations that Oliver is not able to. â€Å" ‘Not so heavy as they might be,’ said the Jew, after looking at the insides carefully; ‘but very neat and nicely made. Ingenious workman, ain’t he, Oliver? ‘Very indeed, sir,’ said Oliver. At which Mr. Charles Bates laughed uproariously; very much to the amazement of Oliver, who saw nothing to laugh at, in anything that had passed.† (O.T. ; Pg.56; Ch.IX).15 3.4. Narrator’s point of view It is true that the hero of this book is a child and the story is constructed by the adventures that happen to him but, when Dickens wrote the book he also used it to show his points of view about the social live in England. At the beginning of the chapter II he describes the conditions that the parish children live. The reader can observe that his tone is very satirical but at the same time sad. He mocks with his satire the condition in which the Parish authorities lead the place. In the other hand he uses his language of sorrow when he describes how children suffer there. †The hungry and destitute situation of the infant orphan was duly reported by the workhouse authorities to the parish authorities. The parish authorities inquired with dignity of the workhouse authorities, whether there was no female then domiciled in ‘the house’ who was in a situation to impart to Oliver Twist, the consolation and nourishment of which he stood in need. The workhouse authorities replied with humility, that there was not.† (O.T. ; Pg.7; Ch.II).16 The narrator makes the reader notice the broken system of justice in Victorian England. Throughout the chapter XI are constructed scenes in which the author with his satirical humor r represents the dysfunction of court at that time in England. In â€Å"Oliver Twist† Dickens tries to fight the mentality of people who consider themselves above others 17.Dickens had suffered because of these kinds of people. And he speaks from his heart when he recounts the suffering of the little boy. In this novel, besides the interesting plot the reader can see the point of view and the concern of the narrator about many social problems that in reality were the point of view and the concern of Dickens himself. The critics don’t classify the novel amongst the most valuable works of Dickens but, it surely plays a great part in the success of the author as well known writer.18 4. David Copperfield 4.1. Quick analysis of the plot. â€Å"I am within three pages of the shore; and am strangely divided, as usual in such cases, between sorrow and joy. Oh, my dear Forster, if I were to say half of what Copperfield makes me feel to-night, how strangely, even to you, I should be turned inside out! I seem to be sending some part of myself into the Shadowy World.†19 I initiate the analysis of David Copperfield by these lines from the author himself, to demonstrate what his work meant to him. And this is not casual because Dickens, by Copperfield, has sent a part of his life to the readers. â€Å"David Copperfield† is regarded as an autobiographical book of Charles Dickens. His life and that of David have many similarities.20 His childhood of hardship, the work at wine house, later the work as reporter and in the end his life as a successful writer resemble very much the adventures of the main character in the novel. Despite these passages in â€Å"David Copperfield†, the author has also built some of the characters basing on people that really existed in his life. An example of this is Mr. Micawber who is a personification of Charles father (he also ended up in debtor’s prison), Dora who resembles Dickens’ first love etc. The domestic problems that Charles encountered during his lifetime are also disclosed in this novel. David Copperfield is considered one of Dickens’ most highly achieved works. He personally, in one of his Letter to John Forster states that: â€Å"David remains his favorite child†21 However â€Å"David Copperfield† is not just a pure autobiography. Alongside the facts that relate the life of the author with that of the main character, inside the book are discussed and treated many social problems of the Victorian England. This brief introduction of the plot serves only to have an idea about the novel because as I previously mentioned the theme of the thesis is the comparison of narration and the point of view of the narrator. 4.2. Narrative form To discuss about the narration I will start with the first lines of the novel. â€Å"Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show†22 These are the first lines of â€Å"David Copperfield† and those are the ones that intrigue the reader to continue his adventure with the book. However, despite the intriguing role, these lines also serve to show the reader who is telling the story. The story teller is the protagonist, a data which will be elaborated throughout this paper work When David recounts the story of his birth at the beginning of the novel he tells it as he heard it from others who were there at that moment. â€Å"To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o’clock at night.†23 It is impossible for anyone to remember the moment of his/her one birth so the narrator begins the recount of his life from what he was told. But he uses the dialogue of Mrs. Coppe rfield and Miss Betsy to tell the story. The narrator does this improvisation of the situation to introduce the reader with stories that happened before he was born. The first chapter is constructed this way. In the second chapter David starts being conscious about his surroundings. â€Å"The first objects that assume a distinct presence before me, as I look far back, into the blank of my infancy, are my mother with her pretty hair and youthful shape, and Peggotty with no shape at all, and eyes so dark that they seemed to darken their whole neighbourhood in her face, and cheeks and arms so hard and red that I wondered the birds didn’t peck her in preference to apples.† (D.C. ; Pg. 20 Ch. II).24 Here are shown the first glimpses of narrators understanding of the world. However, we can notice a childish perspective from the narrator. This happens because the narrator tried to show to the reader exactly how he felt and thought at that time as a child. He narrates the story from the child’s point of view in order that the reader can understand better the character of David. When Dickens wrote the novel he was about thirty eight years old.25 However his tone of narration is different in the course of the novel. The tone is different in the sense of maturity of the narrator. Further one I will discus about this side of narration. As I noted previously, in the beginning the tone is very childish and his thoughts are those of a little boy. When the narrator wrote the novel he appears to be middle age man, still, he narrates the story from the eyes of a child. At the end of chapter XIV the tone of the narrator calms down a bit. The narrator creates this atmosphere to indicate that David’s hardships as a child are over and now he feels safe. By this tone of narration Charles wants to transmit to the reader that the live of David will take a new turn, probably a better turn. He is saying farewell to the difficulties of little David’s life. However new challenges expect him in the further chapters. With the passing of chapters the narrator/ David grows up and matures. This means that his capacity of thinking and analyzing things matures together with him. So in further chapters we find David more attentive and more aware about his surroundings. At the beginning of the novel he was presented to us a sm art child also, always paying attention to things, but now he has a sharper look toward things: â€Å"How miserable I was, when I lay down! How I thought and thought about my being poor, in Mr. Spenlow’s eyes; about my not being what I thought I was, when I proposed to Dora; about the chivalrous necessity of telling Dora what my worldly condition was, and releasing her from her engagement if she thought fit; about how I should contrive to live, during the long term of my articles, when I was earning nothing; about doing something to assist my aunt, and seeing no way of doing anything; about coming down to have no money in my pocket, and to wear a shabby coat, and to be able to carry Dora no little presents, and to ride no gallant greys, and to show myself in no agreeable light!† (D.C. ;Pg 470-;Ch. XXXV).26 After the death of Dora we can notice a more serious tone of the narrator. (D.C.; Ch. LIII). It is like the narrator is trying to say that this loss has opened a new vision for David to see how life really is, difficult and unfair. This loss makes him reflect and though the pain didn’t kill him made  him stronger, and stronger we will find him in the next chapters. 4.3. The building of the characters The narrator does not give his opinions about the character because by the way he describes them he lets the reader to have his/her one imagine about those characters. By the dialogue that Miss Betsey and Mrs. Copperfield have, it is possible for the reader to understand many details about these two characters. The reader creates the image of Mrs. Copperfield by the words she says and the decisions she makes. The narrator only shows the way he feels about her but doesn’t impose his feelings to the reader. This also happens when the reader meets Peggottty. The narrator introduces the reader only with the physical description of the character. To understand the personage better we have to pay attention to her thoughts and attitudes. However, the narrator does not behave the same with all characters. When David first meets Uriah his description takes tones of repulsiveness and disgust. It was quite as cadaverous as it had looked in the window, though in the grain of it there was that tinge of red which is sometimes to be observed in the skins of red-haired people. It belonged to a red-haired person – a youth of fifteen, as I take it now, but looking much older – whose hair was cropped as close as the closest stubble; who had hardly any eyebrows, and no eyelashes, and eyes of a red-brown, so unsheltered and unshaded, that I remember wondering how he went to sleep. He was high-shouldered and bony; dressed in decent black, with a white wisp of a neckcloth; buttoned up to the throat; and had a long, lank, skeleton hand, which particularly attracted my attention, as he stood at the pony’s head, rubbing his chin with it, and looking up at us in the chaise.(Pg. 20; Ch.XV).27 In the other hand the to ne of the narrator when he meets Agnes is very pleasant and is noticed a sort of admiration for her. On her face, I saw immediately the placid and sweet expression of the lady whose picture had looked at me downstairs. It seemed to my imagination as if the portrait had grown womanly, and the original remained a child. Although her face was quite bright and happy, there was a tranquillity about it, and about her – a quiet, good, calm spirit – that I never have forgotten; that I shall never forget. This was his little housekeeper, his daughter Agnes, Mr. Wickfield  said. (D.C.; Pg.213; Ch. XV).28 The author does this in order to influence the reader’s image about the characters features and what inform previously the reader what to expect form that character. 4.4. The placing of the narrator In about 900 pages of â€Å"David Copperfield† are shown also stories of other personages besides that of David. In order to continue telling the story in the first person, Dickens uses various maneuvers to make this possible. In cases when describing a situation where the narrator wasn’t present he uses the confession of another character. ‘On the last night, in the evening, she kissed me, and said: â€Å"If my baby should die too, Peggotty, please let them lay him in my arms, and bury us together.† (It was done; for the poor lamb lived but a day beyond her.) â€Å"Let my dearest boy go with us to our resting-place,† she said, â€Å"and tell him that his mother, when she lay here, blessed him not once, but a thousand times.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (D.C. ; Pg131 Ch. IX).29 He describes these situations by dialogue with him and that character. Another situation is when only a specific character tells the story and in some other passages David interferes in tha t narration by adding his impressions about that situation. In these situations the narrator also analyzes the event by his point of view. The reader can encounter some parts in the novel where the narrator is not involved in a situation but, for the sake of narration he â€Å"places† himself in that event as a spectator: â€Å"I said something to the effect that it was a lady whom I had seen before, in a few words, to my conductress; and had scarcely done so, when we heard her voice in the room, though not, from where we stood, what she was saying.† (D.C. ; Pg. 668; Ch. XLVII).30 In order to tell how Uriah Heep and Mr. Littimer ended up, Charles makes a smart move where he invents a visit to the prison where these two were paying for their crimes (Ch LX).  Another smart move of the narrator is as well the chapter when Mr. Peggotty visits David and recounts him how the emigrants are doing in the far land of Australia. The narrator â€Å"puts† the correspondence into Mr. Peggotty’s pocket  (D.C.; Ch. LXII). Due to this correspondence David is able to tell the story by his own words. In this way the narration though not about David, still remains in the first person. 4.5. Different approaches toward situations When analyzing his point of view about things that happened, there are different approaches from narrator’s part. From time to time, while rummaging into his past, the narrator reveals that he has the same feelings about a specific situation or person. â€Å"I fell at once into a solitary condition, – apart from all friendly notice, apart from the society of all other boys of my own age, apart from all companionship but my own spiritless thoughts, – which seems to cast its gloom upon this paper as I write. (D.C. ;Pg. 146; Ch. X).31 But, there are other parts in the book where the narrator now recounts the story with a different approach towards that situation from the moment when it occurred. It seems like the time has passed and the narrator’s attitude toward some things and ideas has changed, which is a natural thing to happen. â€Å"They did just what they liked with me; and wormed things out of me that I had no desire to tell, with a certainty I blush to think of, the more especially, as in my juvenile frankness, I took some credit to myself for being so confidential a nd felt that I was quite the patron of my two respectful entertainers.† (Pg. 243;Ch XVII).32 Being an autobiography the author has still some remembrances about how he felt when he witnessed some events. So, when he remembers the past he also describes the sensation that he experienced at that time. â€Å"There was a trembling upon her, that I can see now. The coldness of her hand when I touched it, I can feel yet.† (D.C. ; Pg. 413; Ch. XVV).33 It looks like he is living that moment and he is addressing it directly to the reader. At some passages the narrator laments some decisions that he took and now that he writes the story he has a different point of view about those decisions. I was a boyish husband as to years. † I had known the softening influence of no other sorrows or experiences than those recorded in these leaves. If I  did any wrong, as I may have done much, I did it in mistaken love, and in my want of wisdom. I write the exact truth. It would avail me nothing to extenuate it now.† ( D.C. ;Pg.602; Ch. XLIV).34 4.6. The revelation of the narrator The chapter â€Å"Tempest† is very important in the narrative sense. At the beginning the author states that the things that he is writing at this stage don’t have very much time that has occurred: â€Å"I now approach an event in my life, so indelible, so awful, so bound by an infinite variety of ties to all that has preceded it, in these pages, that, from the beginning of my narrative, I have seen it growing larger and larger as I advanced, like a great tower in a plain, and throwing its fore-cast shadow even on the incidents of my childish days.† (D.C. ;Pg. 731; Ch LV).35 Besides this fact, the narrator also confirms that this is the story of his life and he is approaching the end of his narration. Another detail in this chapter about the narration is that David places himself in the region where the tempest happened. This is a way of making possible the continuance of the narration in the first person: â€Å"We came to Ipswich – very late, having had to fight every inch of ground since we were ten miles out of London; and found a cluster of people in the market-place, who had risen from their beds in the night, fearful of falling chimneys.†36 Four chapters of the novel, called â€Å"Retrospect† are narrated in the present tense. It looks like he is living these moments at the time the he is writing. Those lines have something poetic in them. They flow like a river from narrator’s pen and the reader is the sea that receives them (D.C.chap. XVII, XLIII, LIII, LXIV). 5. Similarities between Oliver Twist and David Copperfield It is a failure to try to draw a parallel between the forms of narration of these two novels because, â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield† in the narrative form, are two contrary poles. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is recounted from the third person narrator whereas â€Å"David Copperfield† belongs to the first  person narrator. But, if we dig into the depths of the subjects, the reader can find many similarities, which represent the point of view of the narrator. Dickens lived in a time where the society in England had many disorders and inequalities. Some of them are discussed in both novels. In both novels the main characters are children. With the difficulties these characters are challenged, the narrator tries to present the difficult life that orphan children have to go through. By his satirical tone Dickens addresses his narration to the ear of authorities who were responsible for those children. But this was not only an appeal for the authorit ies who were responsible for those children but also for the society in general to be more attentive and show more compassion for those children. Dickens also represents the difficult conditions in which those children were obliged to work in order to survive. Dickens, with the portrait of these two characters, arouses the voice for the poor law about the children’s labor. He not only questions the poor law but, also puts a question mark whether the children should work at all. The atrocities that Oliver suffers in the undertakers shop and, the difficult job of David in the wine house illustrate Dickens concerns about that matter. Suffering in his flesh the life of hardships as a child, the author was really concerned about this. I can say that the author writes with personal references about this matter. The other subject that Dickens treats in both novels is (if I can name it like this) the immoral women. The moral of women was a delicate subject in the era of Victorian England but, Dickens finds a way to treat this matter with much careful in both novels. The author does not prejudice them, just the contrary he treats them as human beings and explains the reason why those women decided to take the path of immorality. In Oliver Twist the character of Nancy is indicated to be a prostitute. The narrator never states this but, indirectly, all the description of this girl can lead the reader to that conclusion. Even in these circumstances the author manages to have the Victorian’s reader attention without offending him or her. By the portrait of Nancy, the author explains the reason how some of these women have no choice but to take the life of sin. She was an orphan with no one to love or take care of her. To survive she had to do what she could. The character of Nancy is presen ted in both sides of the medal. She was  living a life of shame however, she shows her good heart when she tries to help Oliver escape. Anyway, although the narrator somehow justifies her decision and makes the reader pity her, he makes her pay for the live she led. And the best way to do this was by not letting her live anymore. In â€Å"David Copperfield† are two women who â€Å"torment† the society with their indecency. The first one is Emily who abandonees her fiancà © in order to climb the higher class of the society and become a lady. However, she shows her repentance from the beginning in her letter of goodbye. This way even though she committed an immorality she was not presented as a monstrous person. However in the end, the author convicts her with the isolated life in Australia and although she becomes a worthy member of society in the far land, she is destined to live alone. The second character is Martha. She is an orphan also and she falls into the life of sin. Just like Nancy in Oliver Twist the author never mentions the word to label her but, every reference to her leads that she is a prostitute. The author makes the reader feel sorry for her and maybe forgive her when she helps David find Emily. The author rewards her with a new life in Australia and a descent husband. Previously in the research I have mentioned the way in which the narrator describes the characters ( Pg. 6, 11). Since I have elaborated this above I will not deal in detail with it here. I will just show briefly that the form is the same in both novels. At some characters the narrator uses their dialogue to show their characteristics. In some cases the narrator uses his own thoughts to influence the reader’s image towards certain character. Dickens has used both methods in both novels so I can consider this as a similarity between these two objects of my research. Being written by the same author it is very probable that these two novels have much more in common besides the points which I have mentioned. However, they do not belong to the subject of my research. 6. Conclusion In this thesis I have tried to compare the base on which these two novels are constructed, the narration. These novels belong to two different narrations. â€Å"David Copperfield† is considered as a masterpiece whereas â€Å"Oliver Twist† is not so much distinguished. However, speaking in the plain of popularity they both are at the same level. Due to the images the narrator uses the reader feels sorry for the way Oliver was brought up. The famous expression that the hunger forces the poor boy to utter â€Å"Please sir, I want some more! â€Å", has the power to make a reader cry from compassion. Because of the fluid language with which the narrator pictures the beautiful landscapes, the reader runs from his reading place to those landscapes. The accurate description of characters and their smart construction of dialogues create in the reader’s mind a perfect image for each character. Narration is the essential column in the construction of a novel. It is the key to make the reader cry from sorrow, feel repulsive from the disgust or make him/her feel the fresh air of meadows and sense the odor of roses. Dickens had the talent to create all these effects in his novels but not only. Due to his kind and humble heart we are able to see the things from a poor little boy perspective and feel the irony with which he describes those people who look down on others. Because of Dickens’s sharp eye the reader is able to observe Uriah’s bad intentions. The city of London comes to our room because of his accurate description of it. Despite their different forms of narration Dickens in both of the novels has treated some similar subjects. In both novels are displayed the suffering of two boys in the conditions of Victorian England. The hard conditions in which children are allowed to work, the morality of women the function of courts are some of them. When I read these novels except the satisfactory function that the art of literature can give you, I was introduced to new horizons of thinking and analyzing things. During the research I have read many appreciations that critics have addressed to Dickens. And, after I read and analyzed some of his novels I could not do more but strongly agree with those critics. Bibliography 1. Dickens, Charles, Oliver Twist, Web-Books.com 2. Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield, Project Gutenberg (2006) 3. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. I, Cambridge University Press (2011) 4. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. II, Cambridge University Press (2011) 5. Chesterton, G., K. Appreciation and Criticism of the Works of Charles Dickens, Gutenberg Project